Mencius (c. 372–289 BCE), also known as Mengzi or Meng Ke, was a prominent Chinese philosopher and one of the most important Confucian thinkers after Confucius himself. Born in the State of Zou (in present-day Shandong province), Mencius studied Confucian teachings and became known for his deep moral philosophy and belief in the innate goodness of human nature. He traveled through various Chinese states advising rulers on governance, advocating for benevolent leadership and the well-being of the people. Mencius argued that a ruler who failed to provide for his people lost the “Mandate of Heaven” and could be justly overthrown. His teachings are recorded in the book “Mencius,” which became one of the key texts in Confucianism. Mencius greatly influenced Chinese political thought and education, reinforcing ideals such as righteousness, compassion, and the value of moral development in leadership and society.